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![]() , . . , . . -- , ... , , , - . - " ". . "" , . , ? . , 1964 .? ? . , . , (, - ), , , , . , . , , , . , , subj, . ? . , , () , , . - 0. RTFM. . . ! , , , - . http://www.scorcher.ru/art/science/theory/axioms.php - 0. - ? ... , . -, . , , ? , ( , ![]() ![]() """. - . . , , , . . , , , - . , . -. . , - ( ) ( ), . . , , 1/x . , , - ? , ? - 0. , , AdS/CFT . , , . ![]() , , , , , , . , -, , , ( ) , . - 0. , , , 50. " ". , , , . . , , . - . , . " 50" , -. "-- , . --". , , , . , , - -. , , - , -. , -- , . , . ![]() , : http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~delittl...c%20realism.htm An important strand in the story of the philosophy of science in the past three decades has been a struggle between realists and anti-realists. The debate turns around the most adequate way of interpreting scientific theories that refer to unobservable entities, processes, and properties. Realists maintain that the entities postulated by scientific theories (electrons, genes, quasars) are real entities in the world, with approximately the properties attributed to them by the best available scientific theories. Instrumentalists, on the other hand, maintain that theories are no more than instruments of calculation, permitting the scientist to infer from one set of observable circumstances to another set of observable circumstances at some later point in time. , , ? , , , "", ! ( ![]() 1) , , , , , , , , , . . 2) , , , , . 3) ( " ") . 4) , ( ) , , .. . , "" . . . , - - , , , . , , , . ( - , ). http://www.wheatandtares.org/2011/03/03/st...-of-positivism/ http://www.wheatandtares.org/2010/12/23/co...out-prediction/ http://www.wheatandtares.org/2010/12/30/po...ism-an-example/ http://pureinsight.org/node/1775 http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Positivism . . : Scientific American (October 2010): Most people believe that there is an objective reality out there and that our senses andour science directly convey information about the material world. Classical science is based on the belief that an external world exists whose properties are definitive and independent of the observer who perceives them. In philosophy, that belief is called realism. Those who remember Timothy Leary and the 1960s, however, know of another possibility: ones concept of reality can depend on the mind of the perceiver. That viewpoint, with various subtle differences, goes by names such as antirealism, instrumentalism or idealism. According to those doctrines, the world we know is constructed by the human mind employing sensory data as its raw material and is shaped by the interpretive structure of our brains. The way physics has been going, realism is becoming difficult to defend. (p. 70)Instead we adopt a view that we call model-dependent realism: the idea that a physical theory or world picture is a model (generally of a mathematical nature) and a set of rules that connect the elements of the model to observations. According to model-dependent realism, it is pointless to ask whether a model is real, only where it agrees with observation. (p. 70) : Any sound scientific theory should in my opinion be based on the most workable philosophy of science: the positivist approach put forward by Karl Popper and others. According to this way of thinking, a scientific theory is a mathematical model that describes and codifies the observations we make. A good theory will describe a large range of phenomena on the basis of a few simple postulates and will make definitive predictions that can be tested. If one takes the positivist position, as I do, one cannot say what time actually is. All one can do is describe what has been found to be a very good mathematical model for time and say what predictions it makes. (The Universe In a Nutshell, p. 31) [1] , " ". http://www.wheatandtares.org/2010/12/23/co...out-prediction/ . "", .. , ( ) ", " ( , ). . c - "" ? ? "" - . ![]() , , . ![]() , , , . . ? , . , , , . . |
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: 2.7.2025, 16:36 |